[57][58] While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations. All Rights Reserved. In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food. "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty. Ricardo was a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute until 2020. Otto Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) • FamilySearch Adolf Eichmann, in full Karl Adolf Eichmann, (born March 19, 1906, Solingen, Germany—died May 31, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel), German high official who was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust, the Nazi extermination of Jews during World War II. [17] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a national community based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights. . She got in touch with the Mossad, Israeli’s intelligence unit, and they investigated. [90] Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May, four trains of 3,000 Jews per day left Hungary and travelled to the camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, arriving along a newly built spur line that terminated a few hundred metres away from the gas chambers. He prepared an anti-Masonic exhibition, which proved to be extremely popular. [11] He played the violin and participated in sports and clubs, including a Wandervogel woodcraft and scouting group that included some older boys who were members of various right-wing militias. [167], The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage. Stay up to date with our daily newsletter, Nazis Verboten: Germany Aims To Ban Nationalist Party, Italian Newspaper Plays The Nazi Card Against German Chancellor, Here's How 'Devastating' A China-Taiwan War Would Be To The World, Climate: 'Dangerous Heat' Could Afflict Billions By 2100, AI Could Supercharge China-USA Conflict, Affect Possible WWIII: Kissinger, 'More Likely Than Not' World Will Soon See 1.5C Of Warming - WMO, AI Threatens Humanity's Future, 61% Of Americans Say: Poll, New Threat To Privacy? The ringer leader, Adolf Hitler, committed suicide before the Allies could capture him and make him answer for the war, much to the frustration and disappointment of his enemies. [54], On 19 December 1939, Eichmann was assigned to head RSHA Referat IV D4 (RSHA Sub-Department IV-D4), tasked with overseeing Jewish affairs and evacuation. After Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944, Eichmann oversaw the deportation of much of the Jewish population. [123] Bauer did not trust the German police or legal system, and feared that if he informed them, they would likely tip off Eichmann. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Eighty years ago, an obscure, former. In Tel Aviv, Israel, Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi SS officer who organized Adolf Hitler's "final solution of the Jewish question," is condemned to death by an Israeli war crimes tribunal . [190] When Hausner produced evidence that Eichmann had stated in 1945 that "I will leap into my grave laughing because the feeling that I have five million human beings on my conscience is for me a source of extraordinary satisfaction", Eichmann said he meant "enemies of the Reich" such as the Soviets. © Copyright 2023 IBTimes LLC. But Carmen Bretin Lindemann, the mistress of one of the brothers, Horst, has revealed their whereabouts and fates to the Daily Mail, the British tabloid reported. [52][51] Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp. [214], The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curricula. Only the youngest, Ricardo, loathed his father and what he stood for; the other three remained completely loyal and devoted. [c] The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem, in which Arendt coined the phrase "the banality of evil" to describe Eichmann. “But it didn’t make it easier. [29] He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the Zionist movement and various Jewish organisations. [179] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. Couldn’t! The Daily Mail exposed Friday the identity of the four sons of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, one of whom is living in Argentina, a few kilometers away from where the Mossad kidnapped his. “I only said that Bureau IV B4 [Eichmann’s office] had nothing to do with it.”. [217], The use of "Eichmann" as an archetype stems from Hannah Arendt's notion of the "banality of evil". [198], Eichmann's defence team appealed the verdict to the Israeli Supreme Court. Thus he decided to turn directly to Israeli authorities. [204] Eichmann's wife and brothers also wrote to Ben-Zvi requesting clemency. [108], Eichmann initially lived in Tucumán Province, where he worked for a government contractor. [37][38] Eichmann travelled to British Mandatory Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen in 1937 to assess the possibility of Germany's Jews voluntarily emigrating to that country, disembarking with forged press credentials at Haifa, whence they travelled to Cairo in Egypt. [192], The trial adjourned on 14 August, and the verdict was read on 12 December. [158] His pardon plea, released in 2016, did not contradict this: "There is a need to draw a line between the leaders responsible and the people like me forced to serve as mere instruments in the hands of the leaders", Eichmann wrote. [78] The genocide was code-named Operation Reinhard in honour of Heydrich, who had died in Prague in early June from wounds suffered in an assassination attempt. [63] When Germany failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain, the invasion of Britain was postponed indefinitely. Although Dieter had never spoken to the press about his father’s execution, Lindemann was willing to comment on how the family coped with the monster in their midst. [15], A few months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil. I never wanted anyone saying that I didn't believe what he had done.". Adolf Eichmann - Wikipedia tiếng Việt He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires. [65], From the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (task forces) followed the army into conquered areas and rounded up and killed Jews, Comintern officials, and ranking members of the Communist Party. Eighty years ago, an obscure, former lance corporal in the Bavarian army named Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany, beginning one of the bloodiest periods of human history. [100] Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to be forced to march, in appalling conditions, from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi). By Isabel Kershner. Adolf Eichmann, el esquivo criminal de guerra nazi. [107] He departed from Genoa by ship on 17 June 1950 and arrived in Buenos Aires on 14 July. [155] The interrogator was Chief Inspector Avner Less of the national police. Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Ramla hours later. [67] On 31 July, Göring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. [35], Nazi Germany used violence and economic pressure to encourage Jews to leave Germany of their own volition;[36] around 250,000 of the country's 437,000 Jews emigrated between 1933 and 1939. As for the charges against him, Eichmann maintained that he had not violated any law and that he was “the kind of man who cannot tell a lie.” Denying responsibility for the mass killings, he said, “I couldn’t help myself; I had orders, but I had nothing to do with that business.” He was evasive in describing his role in the extermination unit and claimed that he was responsible only for transport. [119], Lothar Hermann, a Jewish German who had emigrated to Argentina in 1938, was also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity. During the trial, he did not deny the Holocaust or his role in organising it, but said he was simply following orders in a totalitarian Führerprinzip system. [105], In 1948, Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name Ricardo Klement through an organisation directed by Bishop Alois Hudal, an Austrian cleric and Nazi sympathiser then residing in Italy. [126], Harel dispatched Shin Bet chief interrogator Zvi Aharoni to Buenos Aires on 1 March 1960,[127] and he was able to confirm Eichmann's identity after several weeks of investigation. Eichmann was captured in 1945 by the U.S. Army, but under a fictitious name so that he would not be killed. [59], Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported farther east or even overseas. [54] Within a few days of his appointment, Eichmann formulated a plan to deport 600,000 Jews into the General Government. Edit your search or learn more. Eichmann produced tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes. He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932. He advanced steadily within the SS and was sent to Vienna after the annexation of Austria (March 1938) to rid the city of Jews. Both were concerned about what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, including the Nuremberg Laws. [125] German geologist Gerhard Klammer, who had worked with Eichmann in the early 1950s, provided Bauer with Eichmann's address and photograph. [47], Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation. [80], Eichmann did not make policy, but acted in an operational capacity. [209] His last words were reported to be: Long live Germany. The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being. [159] In addition, Servatius submitted a request for clemency to Ben-Zvi and petitioned for a stay of execution pending his planned appeals for extradition to the West German government. I can’t listen to such things—such things, without their affecting me." [95], In a series of meetings beginning on 25 April, Eichmann met with Joel Brand, a Hungarian Jew and member of the Aid and Rescue Committee. [169] Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story. [133] The agents had arrived in April[134] and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening. [104] Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals starting in 1946. [5] The execution was attended by a small group of officials, four journalists and the Canadian clergyman William Lovell Hull, who had been Eichmann's spiritual counselor while in prison. There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, with whom they were unable to strike a deal. I would creep under there and peek at them. [171] The building was modified to allow journalists to watch the trial on closed-circuit television, and 750 seats were available in the auditorium itself. [66] Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities. Adolf Eichmann listening to an Israeli court's verdict. [183] In his testimony throughout the trial, Eichmann insisted he had no choice but to follow orders, as he was bound by an oath of loyalty to Hitler – the same superior orders defence used by some defendants in the 1945–1946 Nuremberg trials. "Horst was a very strong Nazi," she recalled, "and believed that his father had done nothing wrong… [Eichmann] told his sons that Hitler went after the Jews because they planned to sterilize Germans, by putting a chemical in the water." Later, she added, "If Horst thought [his father] was guilty, his whole world would have fallen apart." But mainly I am doing this for my children. What I saw and heard was enough. ℳℬ ️ on Twitter: "RT @Israelkicksass: 31 May, 1962 - Adolf Eichmann ... In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. Klammer's identity was only revealed in 2021. "Adolf Eichmann is a historical figure to me," he said. (Public domain), Carmen Bretin Lindemann (TN.com screenshot). [137], Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team. Report: Adolf Eichmann's sons established Nazi terror cell in Argentina ... [174] In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence. Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About World War II. Eichmann joined the Nazi Party in April 1932 in Linz and rose through the party hierarchy. So now we have a request. [201] Eichmann's wife Vera flew to Israel and saw him for the last time at the end of April. Eichmann collected information for him, attended the conference, and prepared the minutes. The two were recently captured in a photograph looking out their window. "[115], The memoirs were used as the basis for a series of articles that appeared in Life and Stern magazines in late 1960. He and his family fled to Argentina, and he likely assumed that, once there, he could live out his days in peace and anonymity. In 1946, he escaped from custody and hid out in Germany for a few years. He participated in the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, at which the implementation of the genocidal Final Solution to the Jewish Question was planned. "Change my name?" [30] On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–1993). Long live Austria. [48] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. [102] Along with many other SS officers who fled in the closing months of the war, Eichmann and his family were living in relative safety in Austria when the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945. However, Eichmann did more than merely follow orders in coordinating an operation of this scale. The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time. [195] In addition to being found guilty of crimes against Jews, he was convicted for crimes against Poles, Slovenes, and Roma. He repeatedly devised innovative solutions to overcome obstacles. “People have asked if I feel anger toward [Aharoni]. So, whatever became of the descendants of the top Nazi command? [168] Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation of the United States obtained exclusive rights to videotape the proceedings for television broadcast. It was the Führer's order: Jews who were fit to work would work and those who weren't would be sent to the Final Solution. [22] After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria. She told the Mail that Dieter was alive and well and still living in the Buenos Aires neighborhood from which Eichmann had been taken. Ian Harvey is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Under questioning, Eichmann claimed not to be an anti-Semite. Adolf Eichmann, a former Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel), was executed by hanging in May 1962. To coordinate planning for the genocide, Eichmann's superior Reinhard Heydrich hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942. [144] They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced his capture to the Knesset the following afternoon. By 1945, Hitler and his dream of global conquest were dead, along with untold millions of others. 1955 in Buenos Aires). I remember him taking me into a sweet shop and buying me some chocolate. RT @Israelkicksass: 31 May, 1962 - Adolf Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Israel . [131] Mossad operative Rafi Eitan was named leader of the eight-man team, most of whom were Shin Bet agents. . They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house. He stated that he disagreed with the vulgar anti-Semitism of Julius Streicher and others who contributed to the periodical Der Stürmer. The long-lost Adolf Eichmann recordings shown in new documentary [179] The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including Chełmno extermination camp, Auschwitz, and Minsk (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews),[180] and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed. [6], Otto Adolf Eichmann,[a] the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a Calvinist Protestant family in Solingen, Germany. I always wanted to know. All Death, Burial, Cemetery & Obituaries results for Horst Eichmann. Not Adolph Eichmann, however. When Britain’s DailyMail.com decided to see if anyone from those years remains in Argentina, incredibly, they found Carmen Lindemann, once a lover of Horst’s. [138] During these days, Harel tried to locate Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, as Mossad had information that he was also living in Buenos Aires. "I had pushed my father aside. Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed. [218] Arendt, a political theorist who reported on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker, described Eichmann in her book Eichmann in Jerusalem as the embodiment of the "banality of evil", as she thought he appeared to have an ordinary personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred. [182] Observers such as Moshe Pearlman and Hannah Arendt have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect. [197] On 15 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death by hanging. [97] Nothing came of the proposal, as the Western Allies refused to consider the offer. She hadn't realized I was in the class. [54] In his role as minister responsible for the Four Year Plan, on 24 March 1940 Hermann Göring forbade any further transports into the General Government unless cleared first by himself or Frank. Moreover, when Bauer called on the German government to get Eichmann extradited from Argentina, they immediately responded negatively. Eichmann was frightened and attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid. [178], Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis. [205] Prominent people such as Hugo Bergmann, Pearl S. Buck, Martin Buber, and Ernst Simon spoke against applying the death penalty. He was hoping to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight. I loved her, and she loved my father. [188], Throughout his cross-examination, prosecutor Hausner attempted to get Eichmann to admit he was personally guilty, but no such confession was forthcoming. When Otto Adolf Eichmann was born on 19 March 1906, in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, his father, Karl Adolf Eichmann, was 30 and his mother, Maria Schefferling, was 32. Now, only one of the brothers is still alive – Dieter, who lives in Buenos Aires. [194] He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions on board the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains. In January 1942, at a lakefront villa in the Wannsee district of Berlin, a conference of Nazi high officials was convened to organize the logistics of what the Nazis called the “final solution to the Jewish question.” Eichmann was to coordinate the details; thus, although it was not yet generally known that the “final solution” was mass execution, Eichmann had in effect been named chief executioner. “They expected it,” she told the Mail when asked about the Israelis coming for Eichmann. Mossad agent Peter Malkin engaged him, asking him in Spanish if he had a moment. "What would have been the point? [103], At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as Otto Eckmann. [151], The assertion that the CIA knew Eichmann's location and withheld that information from the Israelis has been challenged as "ahistorical". The Truth About The Intense Manhunt For Adolf Eichmann At 8:00 p.m. on 31 May, Eichmann was informed that the appeal for presidential clemency had been denied.[208]. Barracks were planned but never completed. He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned. It takes just a few seconds. He rose through the ranks and eventually occupied the position of Head of Section (Referant) for Jewish Affairs charged with all matters related to the implementation of the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Read another story from us: Creepy Nazis – 9 Occult Fanatics Who did Their Best to Help Hitler Rule the World. Corrections? Truth behind new Netflix blockbuster of Adolf Eichmann's capture Collections; Project #ShowUs; Creative Insights; EDITORIAL; . . During World War I, Eichmann’s family moved from Germany to Linz, Austria. [203] Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency. When in 1939 Himmler formed the Reich Security Central Office, Eichmann was transferred to its section on Jewish affairs in Berlin. [23] In late December, when this unit was dissolved, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Scharführer (squad leader, equivalent to corporal). Otto Adolf Eichmann - World Biographical Encyclopedia [16] The party platform included the dissolution of the Weimar Republic in Germany, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.

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