Die Kolonialmächte zogen sich immer mehr aus der Politik der nun ehemaligen Kolonien zurück. Um die eigene Herrschaft in den Kolonien sicherzustellen, wurde die einheimische Bevölkerung sowohl politisch als auch meist gewaltsam unterdrückt und ausgebeutet. Welche internationalen Konflikte ergaben sich aus dem Imperialismus? Der dichte Regenwald und das dort herrschende Tropenklima erschwerten die Erforschung des Kongos. Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more or less formal empire.[2][3][4]. Die von Leopold II. Klasse ausüben konnten. The term imperialism was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. Die Revolution erwartete man als Folge der Krisenhaftigkeit kapitalistischer Wirtschaftsentwicklung, die zu einem Zusammenbruch, dem "großen Kladderadatsch" (Bebel) führen werde. Der Imperialismus und seine Folgen prägen bis heute unsere Welt. Notable examples of these indigenous groups include the Taίno populations inhabiting Puerto Rico and segments of Cuba. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural, and the temporal. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A period of conflicts and political revolutions followed due to socioeconomic uncertainty, ending in 1868 with the reunification of political power under the Japanese Emperor during the Meiji Restoration. [130], Some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism. Cartography is "the art, science and technology of making maps"[42] but this definition is problematic. Die Phase des Hochimperialismus begann in den 1880ern und endete mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg. The center of this land was directly apportioned to the Imperial court, forming the center of a world view that centered on the Imperial court and went concentrically outward to major and minor officials and then the common citizens, tributary states, and finally ending with the fringe "barbarians". Durch eine Registrierung erhältst du kostenlosen Zugang zu unserer Website und unserer App (verfügbar auf dem Desktop UND auf dem Smartphone), die dir helfen werden, deinen Lernprozess zu verbessern. Irish War of Independence in 1919-1921 led to the сreation of the Irish Free State. Wieder erhielten sie keinerlei politisches Mitspracherecht und obwohl die Zwangsarbeit offiziell am 22. der Nutzer schaffen das Imperialismus Quiz nicht! An empire mentality may build on and bolster views contrasting "primitive" and "advanced" peoples and cultures, thus justifying and encouraging imperialist practices among participants. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. European chemists made new explosives that made artillery much more deadly. A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "colonialism"; however, many scholars have argued that each has its own distinct definition. Similarly, orientalism could promote a view of a people based on their geographical location.[55]. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. Associated psychological tropes include the White Man's Burden and the idea of civilizing mission (French: mission civilatrice). The concept of environmental determinism served as a moral justification for the domination of certain territories and peoples. [22] The Netherlands did very well in the East Indies. Europäische Ware konnte nun nach Afrika exportiert werden und schuf neue Absatzmärkte für die Industrie der Großmächte. Imperialismus und Kolonialpolitik. "Zusammen mit der Tirpitzschen Flottenpolitik war es die Orientpolitik des deutschen Kaiserreichs, die das Verhältnis zu England in dem Vorkriegsjahrzehnt vor 1914 am meisten belastete und die traditionellen Gegenspieler England und Rußland zusammenführte. In Canada, the "imperialism" (and the related term "colonialism") has had a variety of contradictory meanings since the 19th century. [52]: 7  According to Said, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient. 100% for free. Finis Europae? [97][98] The establishment of the German colonial empire started with German New Guinea in 1884. The Treaty of Versailles made them mandates temporarily operated by the Allied victors. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Its Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (1862–90), long opposed colonial acquisitions, arguing that the burden of obtaining, maintaining, and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits. There was a total of 6 Pan-African conferences that were held and these allowed the African people to have a voice in ending colonial rule. Apart from the Indian subcontinent, this was seldom true. Exporting capital, he concluded, put a lid on the growth of domestic wages in the domestic standard of living. [54] British imperialism in some sparsely-inhabited regions appears to have applied a principle now termed Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'no man's land'). Doch auch Länder außerhalb von Europa gingen ihren Expansionsbestreben nach, vor allem Japan, Russland und die USA. One of the main tools used by imperialists was cartography. In der folgenden Tabelle findest Du einige europäische Kolonialmächte: Die ehemaligen Kolonialgebiete sind oft bis heute durch diese Besetzung geprägt, beispielsweise durch die Amtssprache oder die vorherrschende Religion. Wann wurde das Deutsche Kaiserreich gegründet? [14]: 117  For instance, American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone. [15]: 174. Der junge Kaiser Wilhelm II. Gründe: machtpolitische Ziele, wirtschaftliche Expansion, Handel, Ansehen, Die Phase des Kolonialismus begann mit der. Its repeated invasions, and brutal treatment of Slavs led to the Great Migrations of the Serbs to escape persecution. Many of those maps were highly regarded for their accuracy"[43] but were not printed in Europe unless Europeans verified them. [31][29], Historians and political theorists have long debated the correlation between capitalism, class and imperialism. Wieso war der Kongo-Freistaat eine Besonderheit? Roosevelt expected that the United Nations would take up the problem of decolonization. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. "Imperialismus" bedeutet, dass ein Staat nach wirtschaftlicher und politischer Macht über ein anderes Gebiet, eine Kolonie, strebt. Some geographic scholars under colonizing empires divided the world into climatic zones. Imperialismus und Kolonialpolitik. zur Erforschung des Kongo an? Grundprobleme und Tendenzen der Forschung, 5. International reactions condemned this move, but Japan's already strong skepticism against Allied nations meant that it nevertheless carried on. Geographies of Postcolonialism. p. 18. Das Zeitalter des Imperialismus: Begriff und Begrenzung, I. Darstellung, 2. He eschewed the idea, asserting that Americans' ability to navigate around South America was a testament to "rugged individualism.". Ho Chi Minh and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920. Obwohl abhängig beschäftigt, unterschieden sich die Angestellten in ihrem sozialen Status deutlich von der Arbeiterschaft: Sie erhielten ein festes Monatsgehalt anstelle des leistungsabhängigen Wochenlohns der Arbeiter, die Arbeitszeiten waren kürzer, die Arbeitsgestaltung selbständiger, die Verantwortung und auch die Aufstiegschancen größer. Anglophone academic studies often base their theories regarding imperialism on the British experience of Empire. Warum scheiterten die ersten imperialistischen Ambitionen Belgiens? Hobson, J.A. In the late 19th and early 20th, to be an "imperialist" meant thinking of Canada as a part of the British nation not not a separate nation. The Russian colonization of Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia and treatment of the resident indigenous peoples has been compared to European colonization of the Americas, with similar negative impacts on the indigenous Siberians as upon the indigenous peoples of the Americas. "Imperialism: a study." Hier ist eine kurze Übersicht zu den Auswirkungen und Folgen des Imperialismus. Allerdings unterstand der Kongo-Freistaat der Internationalen Kongogesellschaft, die Leopold II. Einheimische Kulturen und Sprachen wurden durch die der Kolonialmächte verdrängt und es wurden unzählige Kolonialverbrechen gegen die Einheimischen begangen. Gewählte Volksvertreter waren beim Gründungsakt nicht anwesend und an der Errichtung des neuen Staates nur indirekt, durch die Mitarbeit an der Verfassung beteiligt. Between 1621 and 1699, the Kingdom of Scotland authorised several colonies in the Americas. "[34], Imperialism has also been identified in newer phenomena like space development and its governing context. [15]: 173–76  Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure, and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations. [14]: 117  Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state's survival while Mackinder supported Britain's imperial expansion; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades. Individual colonies might serve an economic purpose; collectively no empire had any definable function, economic or otherwise. Said, Edward. Previously, the term had been used to describe what was perceived as Napoleon III's attempts at obtaining political support through foreign military interventions. In: II. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, which may oppose such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and of unauthorized satellite dishes, etc. At its apex there were colonies on four continents: Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. France had its "First colonial empire" from 1534 until 1814, including New France (Canada, Acadia, Newfoundland and Louisiana), French West Indies (Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe, Martinique), French Guiana, Senegal (Gorée), Mascarene Islands (Mauritius Island, Réunion) and French India. Lette-Verein in Berlin, der unter der Führung von Wilhelm Adolf Lette verschiedene Schulen und eine Arbeitsvermittlung für Frauen betrieb. Grundprobleme und Tendenzen der Forschung, 6. Das Zeitalter des Imperialismus: Begriff und Begrenzung. Supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain quickly appropriated the concept. Der Kongo-Freistaat war kein Kolonialbesitz Belgiens, sondern Privatbesitz der belgischen Krone und somit das persönliche Eigentum von Leopold II. Geographies of Postcolonialism. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become a reliable battlefield weapon. Die Kongokonferenz wurde einberufen, um die Regelungen der Handelsfreiheit an den Flüssen Kongo und Niger zu bestimmen. Most of these colonies were either aborted or collapsed quickly for various reasons. The concept of cultural imperialism refers to the cultural influence of one dominant culture over others, i.e. Die Hochphase des Imperialismus erstreckte sich von 1882 bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. [11] This definition encompasses both nominal empires and neocolonialism. Kolonisation oder Penetration? Imperialismus und Kolonialpolitik, Downloaded on 6.6.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486700886.160/html, Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Library and Information Science, Book Studies, https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486700886.160, I. Darstellung, 1. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[111]. It was forced in the peace treaty of 1947 to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. Die Gründe für den Imperialismus waren vielseitig. Grundprobleme und Tendenzen der Forschung, 7. Teste dein Wissen mit spielerischen Quizzes. Da Imperialismus und Kolonialismus sich in ihrer Begriffsbedeutung in gewissen Punkten überschneiden, werden sie oft im selben Zusammenhang verwendet. Arbeiten - Easy going? [15]: 184, During this time, European merchants had the ability to "roam the high seas and appropriate surpluses from around the world (sometimes peaceably, sometimes violently) and to concentrate them in Europe". Some also argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control.

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