Macau The plant is believed to originate . New Zealand Click here for the original image. It improves kidney function. North Korea Your email address will not be published. Equatorial Guinea Tetrahydroharmine is . Additionally, the P. harmala-induced pS473-Akt plays a role too, since earlier investigations confirmed that pS473-Akt bestows neuronal protection against AD62,63. The roots of the plant can reach a depth of up to 6.1 m (20 ft) and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick, if the soil is very dry at the place where it is growing. A critical appraisal. These include harmine, harmaline, harmalol, norharmane, and harmane25; allowing P. harmala to have a wide array of therapeutic activities24. We designed a consecutive cultivation procedure to evaluate the allelopathic effect of harmaline, the major active allelochemical produced by the desert plant Peganum harmala, on . 6, 255 (2018). This plant requires a warm atmosphere for cultivation. PubMed Central  25x/25:1 Peganum harmala extract contains 2.40 % alkaloids; 50x/50:1 Peganum harmala extract contains 6.20 % alkaloids; Also take a look at our whole Peganum harmala seeds and pure alkaloid extract. Google Scholar. Natl. Mayotte 25, 10960–10969 (2005). J. Exp. Biessels, G. J. In Egypt, it has been used for centuries in folk medicine predominantly in the Sinai Peninsula, where the plant seeds were consumed as an analgesic and the smoke emitted from its burning leaves was inhaled for the relief of headaches and CNS disorders22. Flowers. J. Alzheimers Dis. Harmal grows in a desert climate. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: T.F.E., M.A.S., R.A.S. Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid peptides compete for insulin binding to the insulin receptor. This means all parts of the plant and its extracts are federally legal to cultivate, buy, possess, and distribute (sell, trade or give) without a license or prescription. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Peganum harmala L. is a perennial herb of the Tribulus family and its aerial parts and seeds can be used as medicine in the traditional medicine of China. Aluminum chloride induced oxidative damage on cells derived from hippocampus and cortex of ICR mice. Cite this article. 12, 1–20 (2017). All information is provided in good faith “as is” with no warranty or guarantee. It grows very well in late springs in sandy soil and needs only a modest amount of water. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90545-4. Sweden Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L in traditional Iranian [...], Hepatoprotective activity of Peganum harmala against ethanol-induced liver damages, Evaluation of the analgesic effect of alkaloid extract of Peganum harmala L, Biblical Entheogens: a Speculative Hypothesis, Toxicity of Peganum harmala: Review and a Case Report, Syrian Rue Extract Glows Under Blacklight, Simple Extraction and Employment of Syrian Rue, I Learned to Stop Reality and Love Psychedelics. Mol. Zambia 9). Google Scholar. Additionally, it heightened the hippocampal contents of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and insulin, but abated insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation at serine 307 (pS307-IRS-1). 1. Plants can release phytotoxic allelochemicals into the environment, not only to suppress other plants' growth, but also alter community structure of soil microbiota, however, the mechanism are often complicated. Bazzari, F. H., Abdallah, D. M. & El-abhar, H. S. Chenodeoxycholic acid ameliorates AlCl3-induced Alzheimer’s disease neurotoxicity and cognitive deterioration via enhanced insulin signaling in rats. For tip calibration, the age of fossil tips was set to the age of the oldest known occurrence of each morphospecies. In Asia, rue seeds have been used to treat stomach troubles, heart diseases, and the herb has also been used to heal skin disorders. The genus has four main species ( Peganum harmala L., Peganum mexicanum Gray, Peganum nigellastrum Bunge, and Peganum multisectum (Maxim.) Namibia Afghanistan Vanuatu Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Chem. DESCRIPTION. Of these, harmaline, harmine, harmalol and L-peganin (vazicin) are pharmacologically active. 4, 31–40 (2014). YildirimSimsir, I., Soyaltin, U. E. & Cetinkalp, S. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) likes Alzheimer’s disease. Magrané J, Rosen KM, Smith RC, Walsh K, Gouras GK, Querfurth HW. J. Biol. CAS  et al. PubMed Central  Google Scholar. Burkina Faso Qatar PLOS Biol. Peganum harmala contains β-carbolines such as harmaline, harmine, harmalol, harmol, tetrahydroharmine, and the quinazoline derivatives vasicinone and deoxyvasicinone.. Peganum harmala can be used with plants containing DMT for the production of the drink . Effect of Nrf2 activators on release of glutathione, cysteinylglycine and homocysteine by human U373 astroglial cells. Iraq Due to its resemblance to the unrelated Rue plant, Peganum harmala is commonly known as Syrian Rue. Seeds comprise various alkaloids Harmane (0.16%), Harmine 0.44%, Harmaline (0.25%), Harmalol (0.6%), Tetrahydroharmine, 0.1%,, Vasicine (0.25%), Vasicinone (0.0007%). Values represent mean ± SD (n = 13). Peganum harmala is also used for its alleged antibiotic, antiparasitic, and analgesic effects. Front. It is said that the inhalation creates a trance of union with a goddess that bestows powers of healing. 2016, 8590578 (2016). Slider with three articles shown per slide. BMC Complement. Designed the experiment: D.M.A., R.A.S., M.A.S., T.F.E., H.E.A. Western Sahara United Kingdom Sudan 303, 29–37 (2018). We strongly believe in the power of natural plant medicines and related products to make a positive contribution towards physical, mental and spiritual health and healing. - - -. The Harmel (Peganum harmala L.) belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae, which has 24 genera and 240 species. Diabetes Metab. Cyprus In the present work, the treatment with P. harmala for 4 weeks, not only activated the insulin trajectory, but it curbed also the bolstered hippocampal content of Aβ42, as well as the protein expression of the phosphorylated/activated tau, the two main molecules related to AD pathology. Moloudizargari, Milad et al. Peganum harmala (African-rue) is a perennial herb/ (family Zygophyllaceae) with white flowers and thin narrow leaves found in the Mojave Desert in California. All parts of P. harmala are accepted as toxic plant although it has been traditionally used in the Middle East and shows toxic effects in human. In a previous work, P. harmala seeds disclosed their hypoglycemic effect via triggering insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in a streptozotocin diabetic model24. STATUS. PubMed Central  19, 582–590 (2020). Effect of P. harmala on AlCl3-induced neuronal loss in hippocampal CA1 and DG regions. All You Need to Know, ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura), Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder, Agiya Ghas / Rusa Grass / Cymbopogon Martini, Ajwain / Carom Seeds / Trachyspermum Ammi, Akarkara / Pellitory / Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Akash Bail / Love vine / Cassytha Filiformis, Aloe Vera / Ghritkumari / Aloe Barbadensis, Alsi / Flaxseed / Linseed /Linum usitatissimum, Amaltas / Purging cassia / Cassia Fistula, Amla / Indian gooseberry / Emblica Officinalis, Anantmool / Indian Sarsaparilla / Hemidesmus indicus, Anklodya / Makhana / FoxNut / Euryale Ferox, Aparajita / Butterfly pea / Clitoria Ternatea, Ashwagandha / Winter Cherry / Withania Somnifera, Atibala / Country mallow / Abutilon Indicum, Atibrihatpahala / Jack tree / Artocarpus Integra, Bhallataka / Marking Nut / Semecarpus anacardium, Bibhitaki / Baheda / Terminalia bellirica, Colocynth / Citrullus colocynthis / Bitter Apple, Dalchini / Cinnamon / Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Danti / Red Physic Nut / Baliospermum montanum, Daruharidra / Indian Barberry / Berberis aristata, Gokshura / Puncture Vine / Tribulus terrestris, Gotu Kola / Mandukparni / Marshpenny / Centella Asiatica, Jatamansi / Spikenard / Nardostachys Jatamansi, Jyotishmati / Staff tree / Celastrus Paniculatus, Kachnar / Camel’s Foot Tree / Bauhinia Variegata, Kadamb / Burflower-tree / Anthocephalus Indicus, Karavira / Indian Oleander / Nerium indicum, Katak / Clearing Nut / Strychnos Potatorum, Ketak / Scre pine / Pandanus odorotissimus, Khurasani Ajwain / Black Henbane / Hyoscyamus Niger, Kiratatikta / Chirayata / Swertia chirata, Koshamra / Ceylon Oak / Schleichera Oleosa, Kupilu / Poison Nut / Strychnos nux-vomica, Kushmanda / Winter Melon / Benincasa Hispida, Kushta / Indian Costus Root / Saussurea lappa, Kutaja / Kurchi / Holarrhena antidysenterica, Latakaranja / kalarchikai / Fever nut / Caesalpinia Crista, Madanaphala / Emetic Nut / Randia dumetorum, Mameera / Golden Thread Herb / Coptis Teeta, Manjistha / Indian Madder / Rubia cordifolia, Marigold / Tagetes erecta – Uses, benefits and Medicinal Properties, Medasaka / Common Tallow Laurifolia / Litsea Glutinosa, Muchkund / Bayur Tree / Pterospermum Acerifolium, Nagabala / Snake Mallow / Sida Veronicaefolia, Nagkesar / Ceylon Ironwood / Mesua ferrea, Padmaka / Bird Cherry / Prunus Cerasoides, Palasha / Bastard Teak / Butea monosperma, Paribhadra / Indian Coral Tree / Erythrina Variegata, Patola / Pointed Gourd / Trichosanthes dioica, Prishniparni / Uraria picta / Hedysarum pictum, Rajeeka / Indian Mustard / Brassica Juncea, Rose / Rosa centifolia / Indian Cabbage Rose, Saptaparna / White cheesewood / Alstonia scholaris, Shalmali / Silk Cotton Tree / Salmalia malabarica, Shatapushpa / Dill Seeds / Anethum Graveolens, Shleshmatak / Sebesten / Cordia Dichotoma, Tagar / Indian Valerian / Valeriana Wallichii, Tilparnni / Dog Mustard / Gynandropsis gynandra, Udsaleev / Himalayan Peony / Paeonia Emodi, Ustukhuddus / Arabian Or French Lavender / Lavandula Stoechas, Vasa (Godsend Herb For Lungs) – Uses, Benefits, Vijaysar / Malabar kino / Pterocarpus marsupium, Yashtimadhu / Licorice / Glycyrrhiza glabra, Prevent Dandruff On Eyelashes And Eyebrows, Ulcerative Colitis, IBD & Crohn’s Diseases. 2, 1101–1113 (2008). J. Pharm. So, avoid the use of Harmal herb during pregnancy. Sci. Google Scholar. Switzerland Denmark Butterfield, D. A., Di Domenico, F. & Barone, E. Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes for development of Alzheimer disease: A key role for oxidative stress in brain. Exenatide improves glucose homeostasis and prolongs survival in a murine model of dilated cardiomyopathy. It spreads via seeds and roots. Lee, H., Kumar, P., Fu, Q., Rosen, K. M. & Querfurth, H. W. The insulin/akt signaling pathway is targeted by intracellular beta-amyloid. Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Plot No. Effects of harmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 transgenic mice and scopolamine-induced memory impairment mice. 34, 463–476 (2018). J. Alzheimers Dis. Bouvet Island Ghana It is a herbaceous plant, perennial, glabrous, and . In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Google Scholar. PubMed Google Scholar. The lower panel shows the effect of P. harmala treatment on the number of surviving neurons in hippocampal (b) CA1 and (c) DG regions. Previously, it was reported that the decrement in IRS-1 serine phosphorylation allows the activation of the PI3K cascade9; this verity is confirmed herein, where the inhibition of pS307IRS-1 by P. harmala was allied by an increase in the hippocampal protein expression of the phosphorylated/activated pS473Akt, a downstream of the PI3K molecule. Armenia Wakingherbs.com, its suppliers, agents, employees and distributors cannot be held accountable for any misuse of the products offered. Mcnay, E. C. & Pearson-leary, J. GluT4: A central player in hippocampal memory and brain insulin resistance. 64, 427–453 (2018). Rev. Eur. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. All experiments were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. USA 106, 1285–1290 (2009). Cai, H.-Y. Estonia The alkaloids contained in the plant, including the seeds, are monoamine oxidase inhibitors that go by the name of harmine and harmaline. Values represent mean ± SD (n = 4). The nature, significance, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog treatment of brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease. Satoh, F. et al. After that, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies including phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) polyclonal antibody (1:500, CAT# PA5-104,445), phospho-IRS1 (Ser307) polyclonal antibody (1:1000, CAT# 44-813G), phospho-tau (Ser262) polyclonal antibody (1:1000, CAT# 44-750G), and a β-actin monoclonal antibody as a reference protein (1:1000, CAT# MA5-15,739) overnight on a roller shaker at 4 °C. This is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows up to 0.8 m tall. Adult male Wistar rats, weighing 180–250 g, were obtained from the Animal House Unit (AHU) of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University (Cairo, Egypt). Malaysia Brazil Senegal Taiwan This succulent, bright green perennial shrub is blessed with abundant leaves that grow from the root. Indonesia To obtain The extraction process was for one month and the seeds were drained. Peganum harmala is used traditionally as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, abortifacient and also used for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Ghaffar, S. et al. “Created with BioRender.com". Madagascar Peganum harmala enhanced GLP-1 and restored insulin signaling to alleviate AlCl3-induced Alzheimer-like pathology model. PLoS ONE. Kenya Afr. A proposed novel mechanism of P. harmala against insulin resistance in an AlCl3 sporadic model of AD. Article  Med. Seeds are brown or black in color and the endosperm is oily. The number of entries/arm was recorded manually and the arm entry was considered valid when the hind paws of the animal are completely inside the arm. Llorens-Marítin, M., Jurado, J., Hernández, F. & Ávila, J. GSK-3 β, a pivotal kinase in Alzheimer disease. 1. History: Peganum harmala is native to Africa, the Middle East, and southern Asia. In Fig. Sci. Acta 1842, 1693–1706 (2014). These authors displayed that different GLP-1 receptor agonists have inhibited Aβ, tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal damage. The bush can grow up to 1 meter tall but is usually found growing up to about 30cm high. Long-Smith, C. M. et al. Ali, S. K. et al. Kandimalla, R., Thirumala, V. & Reddy, P. H. Is Alzheimer’s disease a type 3 diabetes? Med. Hepatology 51, 1584–1592 (2010). Intraneuronal beta-amyloid expression downregulates the Akt survival pathway and blunts the stress response. Ecuador 19, 2505 (2018). Chang, C., Lin, T., Ho, H., Kuo, C. & Li, H. GLP-1 analogue liraglutide attenuates mutant huntingtin-induced neurotoxicity by restoration of neuronal insulin signaling. Effect of P. harmala on AlCl3-induced oxidative stress related markers (a) MDA, (b) Nrf2, and (c) GSH in AD rat model. Each rat was placed in the center of the maze and was allowed to navigate freely through the maze for 5 min without cues or reinforcements, such as food or water. The total protein content of hippocampal homogenates was assessed using the Bicinchoninic Acid Assay (BCA) assay kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and then 20 µg protein aliquots of each sample were separated by SDS-PAGE then transferred into a nitrocellulose membrane using a semi-dry transfer apparatus (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). 10, 1–25 (2014). The animals were kept under standard housing conditions of constant temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and humidity (60 ± 10%) with 12:12 h light/dark cycles. Congo The blots of p-tau and β-actin were cropped and the full-length blots are shown in the Supplementary file (Fig. Insulin biosynthesis in neuronal progenitors derived from adult hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. Hence, these effects support the folk notion about the effectiveness of P. harmala in easing CNS disorders and offer another mechanism to alleviate AD-like pathology besides augmenting acetylcholine25,26. Anguilla The Harmal is effective in relieving remittent and chronic fevers. The latter was documented by the increased lipid peroxidation with the depletion of the defense molecule GSH and the suppression of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. Rats in group I received saline (i.p) and served as the normal control group, whereas those in group II provided the AD model in which rats were injected with AlCl3 dissolved in saline (50 mg/kg/day; i.p) for 6 consecutive weeks29. DPP-4 inhibitor improves learning and memory deficits and AD-like neurodegeneration by modulating the GLP-1 signaling. (INDIAN STANDARD TIME), Country* Chad Venezuela The results were normalized to β-actin and expressed as arbitrary units (AU). The seeds are often used as Ayahuasca ingredient. Redox. Gupta, N. A. et al. J. Chromatogr. Faroe Islands (a) Representative images of Nissl staining across hippocampal CA1 and DG sections (scale bar 50 μm). Attenuation of aluminum chloride-induced neuroinflammation and caspase activation through the AKT/GSK-3β pathway by hesperidin in wistar rats. Benin Yarchaon, M. & Arnold, S. E. Repurposing diabetes drugs for brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer disease. Fifty-two rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 13 each). Med. Antioxid. Niger Peganum harmala alkaloids thus possess significant antitumour potential, which could prove useful as a novel anticancer therapy [30]. Permission required before publicly reproducing Erowid info. Front. A decoction made up from seeds can be used as a mouth wash. A paste of Harmal roots and mustard oil used externally for killing head lice. Our products are not certified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nor by Health Canada, for human consumption. Manag. Basis Dis. Mol. Neurosci. It also reduces inflammation of the brain. PubMed  Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease: Is this type 3 diabetes ?. Peganum harmala L. is a perennial herbaceous, glabrous plant belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae. What is the difference between "Rue" and "Syrian Rue"? Moreover, harmine and harmaline exhibited an antidiabetic action, when tested in a streptozotocin rat model, an effect that was attributed to enhancing insulin sensitivity24,27. Recent years of research has demonstrated different pharmacological and therapeutic effects of P. harmala and its active alkaloids, especially harmine and harmaline. The seeds are slightly curved, triangular and measure about 2 mm (0.08 in) long. Its seeds were known to possess hypothermic, and essentially hallucinogenic properties. Peganum harmala belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae, and it is often referred to as "Syrian rue," "African rue," or "Harmal.". 8, e1000412 (2010). Peganum harmala, commonly called wild rue, [1] Syrian rue, [1] African rue, [1] esfand or espand, [6] or harmel, [1] (among other similar pronunciations and spellings) is a perennial, herbaceous plant, with a woody underground rootstock, of the family Nitrariaceae, usually growing in saline soils in temperate desert and Mediterranean regions. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Meanwhile, as depicted from the well-recognized oxidative stress theory of AD, the neuronal lipid membrane is penetrated by Aβ oligomers to initiate and propagate lipid peroxidation by acting as sulfur free radicals, evoking thus neurotoxicity and synapse deterioration17. Aging Neurosci. Standard harmine (98%) and harmaline were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co, (MO, USA), CAT#286,044, CAT#51,330; respectively. Metals and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Introduction. Eur. The beautiful white flower of the Peganum harmala blossoms June-August and decorates the vibrant green plant. As shown in Fig. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Drug. Neuropsychopharmacol. Hughes, R. N. The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory. Harmal purifies the blood and eliminates toxins from the body. Several phytoconstituents have been isolated and. Values represent mean ± SD (n = 3). On the next day, the membranes were washed in TBST and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1000, CAT# ab6734, Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. Bahamas Hannah Seok, Minyoung Lee, … Bong Soo Cha, Jie-jian Kou, Jun-zhuo Shi, … Xiao-bin Pang, Iwona Piątkowska-Chmiel, Monika Gawrońska-Grzywacz, … Jarosław Dudka, Scientific Reports Italy South Korea Uzbekistan Not only the increased insulin, but also GLP-1 plays a central role in lowering both Aβ42 and p-tau as mentioned before57,58. So far, relevant reports on the toxicity of Peganum harmala L. seeds (PHS) are hardly available. Metab. Finland Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: The case of chelerythrine. Inhibition of GSK3β-mediated BACE1 expression reduces Alzheimer-associated phenotypes. This herb has a narcotic property and it can be used to reduce sleepiness and insomnia. Azerbaijan Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons test. Angola Endocrinology 141, 1301–1309 (2000). Uganda In this study, the chemical composition of the different parts of P. harmala was characterized by high-performance . Ferreira, L. S. S., Fernandes, C. S., Vieira, M. N. N. & De Felice, F. G. Insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease. Papua New Guinea Front. PubMed  & Craft, S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease: Bioenergetic linkages. Neuropharmacology 136, 182–191 (2018). Iran Butterfield, D. A., Swomley, A. M. & Sultana, R. Amyloid β-peptide (1–42)-induced oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: Importance in disease pathogenesis and progression. It lowers the temperature and reduces other symptoms such as weakness, body pains, and loss of appetite. The standardized extract also activated Nrf2 to enhance the brain antioxidant capacity that receded oxidative stress to additionally improve insulin sensitivity. escape latency) and the animal was left on the platform for 10 s; however, rats that failed to allocate the platform were guided and placed on the platform for 30 s with a given latency of 120 s. On the 5th day of the MWM paradigm (day 42 of experimentation), the probe test was carried out, where the platform was removed and rats were allowed to explore the maze for 120 s, in which the percent quadrant time (Q)34 was recorded using the following equation: Q = (time spent in target quadrant (s)/120) × 100. Moldova, Republic of Guernsey Marshall Islands Costa Rica Ferrario, C. R. & Reagan, L. P. Insulin-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CNS: Anatomical, functional and temporal contexts. Nat. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Invest. Abstract. Peganum harmala L. contains 17 alkaloids of quinazoline and indole structure types. Cell. Mol. In-vitro evaluation of selected Egyptian traditional herbal medicines for treatment of Alzheimer disease. The leaves average about 60cm long and then branch off into segments that are long and narrow. Paraguay Bolivia The aptitude of P. harmala to turn on the insulin cascade can explain in part the decreased levels of Aβ42 and p-tau, where increased insulin was reported to foster Aβ clearance and prevent Aβ plaque formation15,55. It was initially introduced to North American at Deming, New Mexico in 1928. But this herb is avoided during pregnancy. 1). Vietnam The section of (f) AlCl3-treated rats reveals conspicuous degenerative aberrations and many pyknotic granule cells, as well as hilar cells (blue arrow) with moderate records of edema and vacuolation of neuropil (dashed arrow). Solomon Islands Nicaragua French Guiana Kazakhstan Dominican Republic Li, S.-P. et al. United Arab Emirates Wild Syrian rue (Peganum harmala L. family Zygophyllaceae) is well-known in Iran and various parts of this plant including, its seeds, bark, and root have been used as folk medicine.

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